Essay on Native Americans and Alcohol - 2260 Words

Native Americans as a whole have been typecast as drunks ever since the coming of the white man’s â€Å"fire water.† TS Naimi, MD et al. reports that alcohol is responsible for 11.7% of all American Indian and Alaska Native deaths, compared to 3.3% for the U.S. general population (939). This disturbing discrepancy reinforces the age old notion of the â€Å"drunk Indian.† Generalizations aside, is there some truth to this stereotype? Are Indians more likely than other races to be drunks? Of all the races, â€Å"Native Americans have the highest prevalence (12.1%) of heavy drinking†¦A larger percentage of Native Americans (29.6%) also are binge drinkers† (Chartier and Caetano 153). Although some research has been done on genetic causes, little is†¦show more content†¦Nichea Spillane argues that â€Å"Alcohol use among American Indians is perhaps the largest health concern in many American Indian communities† (8). Even with free me dical clinics, known as Indian Health Services, many Native Americans who live in cities or have left their tribal lands find it difficult to receive the medical care that is needed. This could explain why, â€Å"Uninsured American Indians or Alaska Native Adults were more likely than uninsured adults in the general population to have binged on alcohol in the past month† (SAMHSA 6). Study after study show the disturbing effects of alcohol on the American Indians’ health. From minor health problems to alcohol-attributable deaths, to mental health and suicides, there is no way to document all the damage caused by excessive drinking. It is documented that â€Å"†¦excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of preventable death and years of lost life in this population. During 2001-2005, AmericanIndian/ AlaskaNatives were more than twice as likely to die from alcohol-related causes, compared with the U.S. general population (Naimi et al. 940). There are al so social issues that are a concern for many Native Americans. These issues can be either a result of or a cause of alcoholism. A job, or the lack of them, is one of the main concerns. Dr. Spillane confirms, â€Å"For many reservation-dwelling American Indians, access to standard life reinforces is†¦notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Alcohol Abuse and Native Americans1754 Words   |  8 Pagesextensive usage of a particular substance is the Native American community. According to the Associated Press (2014, August 28), as noted on the MSNBC website, out of ten deaths among the Native American population, one is Alcohol related. Additionally, the prevalence of Alcohol consumption among the Native American population relates to the fact that it’s associated with the various cultural events that define the way of life of Native Americans. Therefore, the focus of this paper shall be on theRead MoreAlcohol Dependency Among Native Americans1658 Words   |  7 Pageshealth and social problems associated with alcohol dependency among Native communities can also be traced back to the actions of European immigrants. Western movies pushed the unflattering stereotype of the â€Å"drunken Indian† onto a mainstream audience throughout the twentieth-century, yet Hollywood was less forthcoming in documenting the fact that before colonisation, alcohol was non-existent within all but a small minority of Native groups located in the American Southwest, where its consumption was reservedRead MoreAlcoholism And Alcohol Dependence Among Native Americans Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagespopulations. Yet nationwide, the alcohol dependency rate is six times greater for Native Americans than that of the general population, according to estimates from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014). Alcoholism and alcohol-related problems have created serious issues in Native American communities, but in recent decades, substantial advances have been found to u nderstand sources and solutions to these problems. New research into the way alcohol is metabolized by the body and itsRead MoreIntegrating Holistic Modalities into Native American Alcohol Treatment1295 Words   |  6 Pagesreceptor on alcohol dependence rates among Native Americans. Ehlers, et al. (2008) noted that people with lower risk of becoming an alcoholic were more sensitive to the effects of alcohol, while people at higher risk for alcoholism were less sensitive to the effects. The research team also discussed the firewater myth that is common among current Native American culture, which postulates a constitutional predisposition to alcoholism as a result of an innate altered response to alcohol (Ehlers, etRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Within Native American Societies Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesdestroys lives, relationships and families all over the world. Native Americans seem to have suffered immensely by it. Since the coming of the Englishmen and the introduction of new k nowledge and tools Native people have been trying to hold on to their own culture and their own way of life. Unfortunately with them came new items for consumption, alcohol was one of the main ingredients to the internal downfall of Native populations. Native American populations suffer greatly due to the ongoing epidemic ofRead MoreAlcohol Use And The Problems Associated With High Risk Drinking Among Native Americans1445 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol use and the problems associated with high-risk drinking among Native Americans/ Native Alaskan populations has taken a toll within this particular group of people. Alcohol was initially introduced to the Native American culture by white settlers who had arrived from Europe. Soon after the settler’s arrival, alcohol became a commodity used for trade with Indians for their crops. Alcohol prior to this introduction was not widely used but, this however made alcohol prevalent with Native peopleRead MoreThe Poor Condition Of Native Americans1184 Words   |  5 Pagescondition of Native Americans in the United States. Two of which had the most impact have been poverty and alcoholism. There are many possible reasons why Native American’s were introduced to alcohol. For instance, their religious practice incorporated alcohol to be able to achieve a transcendent experience. It was not escape from reality that Native Americans sought, but more about fulfillment and discovery of oneself. However, Native Americans were uneducated of how potent alcohol was and whatRead MoreAlcohol And Its Effects On Alcohol1403 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Alcohol has long been a subject of controversy. Long before man understood the indications and contraindications of alcohol there has been laws against this drug. Classifying alcohol as a drug may not be suited for a majority of the population because people like to partake in drinking. Imbibing in alcohol is a tradition in many parts of the country. We use alcohol for celebrations, traditions, socialization and combining food flavors with specific alcohols. Forgetting that too much canRead MoreNative Americans and the Issue of Alcoholism Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the European invasion in America, Native Americans came to endure many problems. While some have faded, others still linger on in their lives. The issue of alcohol and alcoholism is one of them. From settlers using it to deceive, to today’s issues on the reservation, alcohol has played a devastating role in the lives of Native Americans. Knowing how the issue of alcohol became such a predominate part of Native Americans lives will allow us to spawn ideas on how to end the problem. BeforeRead MoreSherman Alexie s The Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight1405 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph who we see in many short stories and thus see the plight Native Americans go through in modern day America. The novel shows us the many trials that the people of the Reservation go through and addresses the many serious problems that modern Native Americans face, such as racism, alcoholism, poverty, limited educational opportunities, and being geographical isolated. Ultimately the state of affairs that the modern Native American race goes through stems from the historical events of European

Is the War on Terrorism a War Essay Free Essays

string(38) " to make many things such as to rule\." The Global War on Terrorism is a military run that began shortly after the terrorist onslaughts of September 11th 2001. First used by George W. Bush. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the War on Terrorism a War Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now the phrase ‘war on terror’ has become to be conceptualized as a term used to mean ‘global military. political. lawful. and conceptual battle aiming both organisations designated as terrorists and governments accused of back uping them. † The war on panic chief focal point has been with Islamist activists and Al-Qaeda. The war in Afghanistan and Iraq are both considered to be portion of the war on terrorist act. There is much guess on whether the war on panic is really a war. This essay will reason that both points of position are valid. There are grounds which validate the war on terrorist act as being considered an existent war such as the fact that an existent decelaration of war was waged by both the US and Al-Qaeda. it can be considered a new manner of war. and that finally like war. terrorist act is a mean to a political terminal. On the other side of the spectrum. it may non be considered a war because it does non hold a clear terminal or possible triumph. it does non hold a confined conflict infinite as regular wars. and it is a ‘war’ against an immaterial construct such as the wars on poorness. drugs. and offense. There is an extended sum of literature on the topic of terrorist act and particularly the war on panic. Mia Bloom in ‘Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror’ examines the usage schemes. successes. and failures of self-destruction bombardment in Asia. the Middle East. and Europe. She claims that in many cases the attempt of Israel. Russia. and the United States have failed to discourage terrorist act and suicide bombardments. Bloom besides contemplates how terrorist groups learn from one another. and therefore how they react and retaliate to counterterror tactics the funding of terrorist act. and the function of suicide onslaughts against the background of larger cultural and political struggles. Another current bookman authorship on terrorist act is Mark Juergensmeyer. Juergensmeyer surveies spiritual terrorist act more specifically. Bruce Hoffman gives a superb penetration to terrorist act and all its facets. Hoffman describes its historical development and the mentality of the terrorist. He examines this unseeable enemy and his tactics and motive in a globalized universe. Hoffman argues that the 9/11 onslaughts on the Twin Towers radically altered the USA’s and the Wests position on terrorist act. When trying to reply the above inquiry it is of import to clear up and specify the footings. Terrorism has a huge figure of definitions and varies greatly depending on who is seeking to specify it and from what position it is being defined and at which range. For illustration one definition of terrorist act is the FBI’s definition of it as ‘the improper usage of force or force against individuals or belongings to intimidate or hale a Government. the civilian population. or any section thereof. in farther political or societal objectives’ . Another definition is from the Department of Defense which states it to be as ‘the calculated usage of improper force or menace of improper force to instill fright ; intended to hale or to intimidate authoritiess or societies in the chase of ends that are by and large political. spiritual. or ideological aims. A concluding illustration of one of the many definitions of terrorist act is that of the Department of homeland Security which states it as ‘any activity that involves an act that is unsafe to human life or potentially destructive of critic substructure or cardinal resources ; and†¦must besides appear to be intended ( I ) to intimidate or hale a civilian population ; ( two ) to act upon the policy of a authorities by bullying or coercion ; ( three ) to impact the behavior of a authorities by mass devastation. blackwash. or nobbling. ’ These definitions vary rather greatly from one to another. Any definition of terrorist act suits a peculiar bureau and how they look at the act of force. whereas really few expression at the causes for it and what its kernel is. Notice the selected vocabulary for each definition will accommodate the type of agency’s profile. The job with specifying terrorist act is one that it is a subjective thing. and two that the parties seeking to specify it seek to include everything and nil in it. They try to set and assorted different events that happened and state of affairss every bit good to assist specify it so as to do certain that terrorist act encompasses a big figure of things. For illustration the discotheque bombardment of Bali. It seems that the definitions need to include anything that attacks the West. With respects to the war on panic. is it the war on panic or terrorist act? Is there truly a war on terrorist act and if so harmonizing to whom? The USA? Al-Qaeda? And in which theaters and locations are we speaking about? The war on panic might be a war on panic in Afghanistan but non in other topographic points. Besides the rubric of the inquiry is rather equivocal because is terrorist act is an act of war. or is war is an act of terrorist act? Each one can be unfolded onto the other easy. It is besides of import to see who is included in the war on panic. is it all terrorists groups including terrorist groups like the IRA? Or is it merely limited to Islamist hawkish terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda? It is non ever clear who are the terrorists and who are the terrorized†¦ â€Å"All political relations is a battle for power. and the ultimate sort of power is force. † Hoffman writes that terrorist act is where political relations and force intersect in the hope of presenting power. And that all terrorist act involves a pursuit for power. Power to make many things such as to rule. You read "Is the War on Terrorism a War Essay" in category "Essay examples" coerce. control but finally to ‘effect cardinal political alteration. Clausewitz’s definition of war was ‘war is the continuance of Politick by other means’ . In this context terrorist act tantrums in conformity to his definition as terrorist act excessively can be considered portion of war. Terrorism can be considered a tactic or act of war. or war a tactic or act of terrorist act. For illustration the Gallic used anguish during the Battle of Algiers. the US uses panic tactics itself such as Abu Ghraib. It is really hard to divide war from terrorist act neatly. Bing a terrorist is a stepping-stone to going a politician. Therefore because of the really equivocal relationship and line between war and terrorist act. terrorist act can be considered as a new manner. or military maneuver of contending war. Therefore anything that tries to counter onslaught it can besides be considered a war. Therefore riping the war on terrorist act a war. Terrorism is ‘a complex phenomena in which force is used to obtain political power to readdress grudges ’ In order for one to see the war on terrorist act as an existent war. an existent statement of engaging war has had to been made. This is the instance with the war on terrorist act. Al-Qaeda did declare war on the USA in 1998. The bush disposal created the term of the ‘axis of evil’ and the USA did contend a conventional war in Iraq in 2003. The war on terrorist act might non be a war in itself but it could be made up and composed by several on traveling wars such as Chechnya. the authorities of Sri Lanka versus the Tumult Tigers ( which was really the first state to successfully get the better of terrorist act ) . and Mali. There have been clear aims set out and enemies to get the better of. Although this enemy is unseeable. and the manner of contending the conflicts are different ( due to the asymmetrical facet of the war on panic ) it does non intend this is non a war. The regulations have changed. the conflict infinite as good. the manner of thought of the enemy and war has changed drastically. But it is still war. It is merely a new face of war. However. the war on terrorist act is difficult to specify as an existent ‘war’ for several grounds. One. because it seems the US and the West are merely patroling and prosecuting in state edifice to advance broad democracy. Hoffman mentions the 2nd factor. which is immensely of import in discrediting the war on terrorist act as a war saying that ‘unlike traditional wars. the war on panic does non hold a clear end’ . This is because the triumph seems unachievable. Terrorism won’t dice along with the terrorist leaders. Not even when the most wanted terrorist has been killed. DCIA Leon E. Panetta stated that â€Å"I don’t think there’s any inquiry that when you get the figure one terrorist in the universe. that we’re a small safer today than we were when he was alive. But I besides don’t think we ought to pull the leg of ourselves that killing Usama Bin Ladin kills al-Qa’ida. Al-Qa’ida still remains a menace. they’re still traveling to seek to assail our state. and I think we have to go on to be argus-eyed and go on the attempt to finally get the better of these cats. We damaged them. but we still have to get the better of them. † In order for a war to be a war. shouldn’t it hold a clear terminal? Or at least a possible one? The war on terrorist act besides is discredited as being an existent war because it does non take topographic point on a clear conflict infinite. The manager of public prosecutions. Sir Ken Macdonald quoted â€Å"London is non a battleground. Those inexperienced persons who were murdered on July 7 2005 were non victims of war. And the work forces who killed them were non. as in their amour propre they claimed on their farcical pictures. ‘soldiers’ . They were deluded. egotistic inadequates. They were felons. They were fantasists. We need to be really clear about this. On the streets of London. there is no such thing as a ‘war on terror’ . merely as there can be no such thing as a ‘war on drugs’ He continues by saying that ‘the battle against terrorist act on the streets of Britain is non a war. It is the bar of offense. the enforcement of our Torahs and the winning of justness for those damaged by their violation. † The war on panic could merely be a war against a ‘thing’ such as the war on poorness. drugs. offense tc†¦ There is no existent manner to get the better of. destroy and free the planet of such immaterial constructs. The war on terrorist act looked under these facets becomes more hard to truly accept as a war. It is hard to reply the inquiry if whether the war on terrorist act is an existent war. It appears that there is a battle between Al-Qaeda contending secula rism. consumerism. and immorality and the US and the West is contending against retardation and against groups of people who reject western values and globalisation. Is this what the existent war being fought is about? Is this the existent war that is traveling on? There are both facets crediting the war on terrorist act as a war and others discrediting it. This inquiry nevertheless is extremely relevant and intertwines to other facets of IR305 such as the altering nature of war ( is the war on panic the new type of war? ) . the different types of warfare ( is the war on panic the new western manner of warfare and terrorist act the Arab manner of warfare? ) . and the subject of hazard societies ( are we engendering more terrorist act by contending the war on panic. therefore making more hazard ) . All of these assorted facets of IR305 are relevant to the subject of the war on terrorist act. How to cite Is the War on Terrorism a War Essay, Essay examples

Management of Knowledge and Information

Questions: 1. Two main methods used by management in decision making. What are two models, explain in detail. How each model works?2. Difference b/w explicit and tacit knowledge. Use examples in the answer.3.There are no. of considerations when considering performance criteria. Identify five and give a brief explanation.4. When considering disseminating information, two key factors need to be considered. What are they? Give explanation in your answers? Also discuss system capability, privacy, and relevance.5. Governance of DSS system, when discussing management of data, such as held in a data warehouse paramount. Discuss how governance should be approached. What are factors that must be incorporated?6. Difference b/w structured and unstructured data. Give examples.7. The question of validity and reliability of information is one that companies face. What are three types of validity? What are they? Explain. Answers: 1. The two models that have been identified for the process of decision making are the rational model and the non-rational models. The rational model of making a decision is based on the fact that the management of the organization takes the decision based on the economic interest of the organization. The decision is made by the information that is readily available to the managers. The decision is taken based on the following steps; recognition of the need, diagnosis of the problem, development of the solutions, selection of the alternatives, implementation, and evaluation. The non-rational model of decision making can be seen as the biased way of making a decision. In the case of the non-rational decision making, all the information are not available, and the decision maker is biased by the personal preferences. Since all the information is not available in this case, the decision taken is termed as the best guess. 2. Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge 1. All the information that are available on the record is the explicit knowledge. The information that is available in the human mind in the form of experience and the models are called the tacit knowledge. 2. Since the information are available in the records, this information can be coded, articulated and stored in documents and the storage devices Since the tacit information cannot be penned to form a document, these are extremely personal, and can't be stored in different locations. 3. Since the information can be documented, they can be easily transferred from one place to another, without a problem. On the other hand, the tacit knowledge being hard to document makes it very difficult to transfer from one person to another. 4. Explicit information due to its advantages is valued lesser compared to the tacit language. Tacit knowledge is more difficult to transmit and is extremely personal thus making it more valuable. 5. The skills of a person are explicit in nature The experience of the person is tacit in nature 3. The performance of an organization is dependent on the various conditions the five major criteria which have been discussed below: Identification of objectives: To ensure that proper output is created from the system the goals and the objectives of the system should be well understood which will help in taking better decision for the system. Information: The information is the most important tool needed for making a proper decision for the system. Thus the information should be filtered accordingly so that only the accurate information is taken for taking a decision. Analysis of the available information and creation of the paths of execution help in achieving the target based on the available resources and information. Clear conclusion: The clear goals will produce clear results and should be well documented so that each decision is supported by evidence. Records should be well maintained, and the reports and the information should be well documented which will act as the reference for the future. 4. While disseminating the information the two factors that are to be given utmost importance are meaningful information that is to be distributed and the target. The information that is to be disseminated should be well analyzed as wrong information can create havoc for the target, as the inappropriate instruction can create different output which is not needed by the organization. The targets too should be well analyzed as the information meant for the manager if delivered to the functional staffs can result in the creation of a sense of mistrust among the employees. As it has been stated in the previous paragraph, the information and the target should be well checked. Well, distributed information and relevance will result in better preproduction and the capability of the system, and the reverse will result in chaos. The mistakes will not only create the chaos but will also compromise the privacy. 5. The management of data is the key of any information system. The decision support system allows the managers to manage data through a subsystem called data management system. The DSS can include the data management system that can extract data from the data warehouse. The transaction processing system is considered as the standard medium for input information. The organizations that do not use transaction-processing system utilize different technology for inputting information into the system. The data management system will connect to the various electronic devices of the organization so that proper and accurate information can be provided. The development team has to be conscious of the fact the system will be conducting processes on three different types of information such as organizational information, personal information, and external information. 6. Factors Structured Unstructured Meaning In general, the structured data is referred to the well-organized data. The unstructured data is just the opposite of structured data that is the data that is not organized refers to unstructured data. Application The structured data is used in the database, search engine and much more. The structured data is directly added to the page's markup. The unstructured data is used a word processor, powerpoint, video, audio and much more. In addition to that Hadoop, Big data tool, uses the unstructured data. Example: If one developer is creating a database in SQL server and one table is a consumer. Then he must put the fields called name, address, contact and much more in the table. These atomic data are the structured data. Every people who use e-mail come across with the unstructured once a day. It is because the body of the electronic mail is the example of the unstructured data. 7. The decision support system is a very sensitive information system and is attached to the core management aspects of the system. This implies that the system is always offered with reliable and verified information. The three types of validity are such as following. Format validity: It validates that the data that is entered is of right format or not. Taken as an instance, some National Insurance is in the form LL 99 99 99 L' where 9 is any number and L is any letter. Range validity: It validates that the inputted data is of accurate range or not. Taken as an instance, Number of days worked should be between o to 50. Lookup table Validity: It validates that whether the data is accepted by the lookup table or not. Taken as an example, There are only twelve possible months of a year. Bibliography Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Bak, C. A., Vogt, L. H., George, W. R., Greentree, I. R. (2013). Management by the team. Logistics Information Management. Bassano, C., DAniello, G., Gaeta, M., Miranda, S., Orciuoli, F., Sandkuhl, K., Tomasiello, S. (2015). An Experience-based Decision Support System for Supporting Governance in Enterprise.Procedia Manufacturing,3, 3559-3566. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management, and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Hau, Y. S., Kim, B., Lee, H., Kim, Y. G. (2013). The effects of individual motivations and social capital on employees tacit and explicit knowledge sharing intentions.International Journal of Information Management,33(2), 356-366. Kaisler, S., Armour, F., Espinosa, J. A., Money, W. (2013, January). Big data: issues and challenges are moving forward. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 995-1004). IEEE.

Pythagorean Theorem Essays (1173 words) - Triangles,

Pythagorean Theorem pythagorean theorm The Pythagorean Theorem is a geometrical expression used often in math and physics. It used to 2 2 2 find the unknown side of a right triangle. The exponential form of this theorem a + b = c . That is the equation you use when you are looking for the unknown side of a right triangle, and it is what I'll demonstrate on the attached exhibit. The upside down capital L in the bottom of the left hand corner indicates that sides A & B are the legs of the triangle. Since we know side A = 5 inches and B = 3 inches we may fill that in to 2 2 2 or equation for step one. (1) 5 + 3 = c What the theorem will help us find is the c side of this triangle. 2. 25 + 9 = c All we do is distribute 5 to the second power and 3 to the second power as seen is step two. Next, we add these two numbers together to get 34, 25+9=34, in step three. 3. 25+9=34 Then, in step four we find the square root of 34. 4. 34 In step five we see that 5.83 is the unknown side of the right triangle. 5. c= 5.83 We found this ans wer by using the Pythagorean Theorem as taught in geometrical form. This theorem may also be summed up by saying that the area of the square on the hypotenuse, or opposite side of the right angle, of a right triangle is equal to sum of the areas of the squared on the legs. The Pythagorean Theorem was a studied by many people and groups. One of those people being Euclid. Sometimes the Pythagorean Theorem is also referred to as the 47th Problem of Euclid. It is called this because it is included by Euclid in a book of numbered geometric problems. In the problem Euclid studied he would always use 3, 4, and 5 as the sides of the right triangle. He did this because 5 x 5 = 3 x 3 + 4 x 4. The angle opposite the side of the legs was the right angle, it had a length of 5. The 3:4:5 in the right triangle was known as a Pythagorean triple or a three digits that could be put in a right triangle successfully. These three numbers were also whole numbers and were used in the Egyptian string trick , which I will talk about later. This Pythagorean triple, 3:4:5, are the smallest integer series to have been formed, and the only consecutive numbers in that group that is important. These numbers can be, and often were, studied from a philosophical stand point. The symbolic meanings of the 3:4:5 triple told by modern writers such as Manly P. Hall say 3 stands for spirit, 4 stands for matter, and 5 stands for man. Using Hall's study the symbolism of this arrangement is as follows: ?Matter? (4) lays upon the plane of Earth and ?Spirit? (3) reaches up to the Heaven and they are connected by ?Man? (5) who takes in both qualities. A process similar to that of Euclid's 47th Problem was the Egyptian string trick. Egyptians were said to have invented the word geometry (geo = earth, metry = measuring.) The Egyptians used the 3:4:5 right triangle to create right triangles when measuring there fields after the Nile floods washed out there old boundary markers. The Egyptians used the same the ory of Euclid, 5 x 5 = 3 x 3 + 4 x 4, to get there boundaries marked correctly. Although Euclid and the Ancient Egyptians studied the theorem, the true inventor of it ( or the person most people believed invented it first ) was Pythagoras of Samos and his group the Pythagoreans. Pythagoras was a man born in 580 B.C. on the island of Samos, in the Aegean Sea. It is said Pythagoras was a man that spent his life traveling the world in search of wisdom. This search for wisdom led him to settle in Corona, a Greek colony in southern Italy, in about 530 B.C. Here Pythagoras gained famous status for his group

Livery of Tesco Essays

Livery of Tesco Essays Livery of Tesco Essay Livery of Tesco Essay Logos help the business to attract customer attention, let the people know about the company, allow customers to identify their best company. For example the log off Tesco is recognised around the worlds, because Tesco stores are in almost every part of the world, Tesco uses the same log for all its stores. We all have different likes and dislikes; another individual may dislike the logo, which is liked by one individual. Uniforms:  A uniform is a set of distinguishing, clothing worn to identify the wearer as a member of a particular organisation, school, and bank. Tesco staff wears unique clothing which makes them stand out from the crowd meaning from other business.  Packaging:  Packaging is a container or wrapper for a consumer product that help a number of object including protection and descriptions of the ingredients. Packaging is also becoming a useful way of communicating between the business and the customers. Tesco use a number of different packaging as shown below comprise with different colours making it easy for customers to recognise the Tesco product from its competitors. Packaging can be used to attract customer attention, for example if company packaging is attractive and good, it will help the customer to pick the product as a trusted brand, when the customer is surrounded by the competitors products in the market. Packaging can also be used successfully to promote sales. Some people may not like the packaging of the business from they is buying the product, in their opinion the packaging may not be good at. Strapline:  A strapline is a phrase or an advertisement slogan used by the company to draw attention to the product or to inform the customer we are providing the product or service you are after. The reason for using strapline is that the slogan or the word will be associated with the particular business. Every time when the Tesco advertise on the TV, Radio they use different strapline to get people attention for example food advert Every Little Helps. This slogan basically says to its customers even if you have little money on you can shop in Tesco. Tesco starpline have helped them to attract more customers; I can explain this by giving one example like when customer do not have enough money on them, they still can go and buy the products in Tesco. Although Tesco products are cheap compared to its competitors but Tesco products are of good quality. Livery:  A livery is a corporate colours scheme used by business on all their delivery vehicles, packaging and promotions. Usually every business has its own livery corporate colours (livery) so that the business can be stand out from other business.  Tesco colour scheme is mostly red and blue. The reason why Tesco always use the combination of red and blue, to show this vehicle or particular branch belong to Tesco. This is another way of corporate communication. Almost every one knows the Livery of Tesco, because all of their vehicles use Livery. Some livery may not be eye catching to grab customer attention. Livery of Tesco: Few companies will relate their business with a famous celiberity or presentationalty to get a message across. It is a fact that people are likely to buy products more if the famous celebrity is using the same product in the advert or in the life. For example the Gillet razor, company used David Backhem, famous football player, to prmote their product. However the celebrity has to be chosen carefully so that the advert can put the message across before the advert is disliked by the public. After all the public is the main people who will be using the products or services. Some people may not like the celebrity who is doing the advert for partiular product for that reason customer may not buy the product. Tesco has used Dotty Turnbull, she helped Tesco become Britains biggest supermarket chain in 2006. This logo is about the recruitment opportunities in Tesco. Tesco is the store, which is giving the chance to everyone to work for a Tesco, regardless of an individual religion, ethnicity background, or any thing else, which prevents any one to get a job. Tesco is providing the chance to everyone to work for a Tesco. Sponsorship:  Through research on Tesco I came to know that Tesco also sponsors large companies to make other organisations aware of the business. They can create a positive image by doing this. It is important to keep this in mind that in order for sponsorship to be effective; it should be at the same level as Tesco. After reading on bbc.co.uk / business, I found out that Tesco and British cycling both came together to sponsor the cycling club. Tesco and British cycling club sponsor one of the largest cycling clubs, which allows Tesco and British cycling to get involved with many people from all backgrounds and communities. This sponsorship is part of Tescos ongoing commitment to help the children of UK to get healthier and fit. Such a sponsorship allows Tesco to be publicised in a positive manner. On-line activity: All big organisations like Tesco have their website because having website allow the customers to see all the products and services business is providing. Tesco website is www.tesco.com, by going on to this website customer will be able to see all kind of products, services, and special offers Tesco is providing in particular period without leaving their house. The main advantage of having website is that it can be accessed at any time form any part of the world. Most of the businesses also use their websites to promote their business such as by giving discount, or vouchers. Tesco has online shopping facility, which makes the life of some customers very easy due to their busy working life. This saves customers time. Tesco also have introduced club card point, which makes customers to shop more, the benefit of using card is that more times the customer shop with Tesco, the more points they are likely to collect on their card. Public Relations:  Tesco use recycling as to get the all the public together, this will also improve the image of Tesco. Tesco recycling which helps the environment and also it helps the Tesco to create positive image. Tesco is devoted to reduce the amount of waste produced and to help to recycle it wherever possible. Tesco recently introduced a program for their customer to recycle polythene paper and other consumable items used by Tesco, contains a proportion of recycled materials. This will also helps the customers to earn points on their club card. This will also draw the customer attention to Tesco. Vocabulary:  Tesco uses different kinds of friendly vocabulary that will improve the image of Tesco. Tesco uses friendly and quickly understandable vocabulary in promotion. The reason behind this is to ensure that customers understand what Tesco is saying immediately and at the same time eye catching. Tesco always use the words Every Little Helps. The reason for using these words is that Tesco want to distinguish from its competitors. Businesses using special words when they promote the products will also helps the customer to know this product or service this business is providing. For example Sainsbury always use the words on their adverts Try something new today. This is to help customers know what Sainsburys is providing. Tescos choice of words will get the customers attention when they use the friendly vocabulary in the promotion. This is because they need to attract potential customers. The more people know about the vocabulary of the business, the better it is for the business.

5 Steps to Determine Your LinkedIn Profile Focus by guest blogger Jill Schaefer

5 Steps to Determine Your LinkedIn Profile Focus by guest blogger Jill Schaefer You are a multi-faceted human being and yet you only get one LinkedIn profile (or two if one of them is in a second language). Perhaps you are unsure where to focus as a professional and thus how to present yourself in your profile. The question â€Å"Who am I?† is an important one for job seekers and professionals, and it’s not always easy to answer. You: The multi-talented All of us are good at MANY things; but the fact is you can’t be everything to everyone- especially as a job seeker. As Martin Yates, CPC, author of the famed Knock ‘em Dead series, elaborates in Knock ‘em Dead 2012: The Ultimate Job Search Guide, â€Å"People get hired based on their credentials not their potential†¦ Decide on the job that will be the easiest sell for you and the easiest buy for an employer.† In the almost two years that I have been writing LinkedIn summaries for The Essay Expert, I have encountered clients who attempt to be all things to all people. They want to highlight their experience in A, B, and C industries and their accomplishments at X, Y, and Z jobs, AND promote their small business- all within the space of 2,000 characters. Sound familiar? You may think this broad-ranging type of summary says, â€Å"I’m dynamic and versatile.† In reality, most readers interpret it as, â€Å"This person is confused, random, and indecisive.† 5 Step Plan Here’s how to convey focus and strength in your LinkedIn summary: Step 1: Pick one thing The first step to finding your LinkedIn focus is to zero in on the PRIMARY job that you’re after or the PRIMARY professional pursuit you want to come across loud and clear in your profile. How do you do that? Back to Martin Yates’ words of wisdom. â€Å"Based on the skills you possess today, what is your primary job target?† Step 2: Find job descriptions for your target job or profession. Identify keywords. Look up 3-5 job descriptions for your target job category. For example, if I am looking for a marketing or communication manager position, I would go to indeed.com, monster.com, or careerbuilder.com to find posted positions, such as Marketing Communications Officer or Marketing Services Manager, that employers are actively recruiting for. You don’t have to limit yourself to a certain geographic area for this exercise. The point is to learn what job title is most commonly used and what language employers use to describe the job’s requirements. What is the problem a person in that role must solve? What skills would an ideal candidate have? (Note: If your target job requires you to do things that you hate, go back to Step 1.) Copy and paste the contents of the job descriptions into an electronic file or print them out. Highlight mandatory skills from the job descriptions. What keywords- the words that LinkedIn recruiters and hiring managers would search on- keep popping up? Hint: â€Å"team player† is not a keyword phrase, â€Å"alliance management† is. Learn more about keywords in Brenda Bernstein’s Baffled by choosing keywords for your LinkedIn Profile HEADLINE post. Make a list of the most common keywords from the job descriptions. You might want to use Wordle.net to help out with this part. Step 3: Identify your accomplishments With your target job position in mind,   create a list of your top five relevant accomplishments. Organize each accomplishment into a Situation/Action/Results format: Briefly DESCRIBE THE SITUATION or problem. List the ACTIONS YOU TOOK to amend the situation. Describe the RESULTS YOU ACHIEVED. Use quantifiable statistics and metrics, if possible. Step 4: Evaluate how you match up Compare and contrast the similarities between the job descriptions and your accomplishments. How do you match up? If you do, great! If not, it’s time to re-evaluate whether you have matching experiences or successes in the areas that are important to an employer. Step 5: Be THAT person Make sure everything you say about yourself on your LinkedIn profile supports your ONE target position or singular professional objective. Don’t muddy the waters by including keywords from everything that you’ve ever done in your working life. Keep it focused. Remember if you decide today that you’re most qualified to be a genie and tomorrow you decide you’d rather be a zookeeper, you can change your LinkedIn profile accordingly. It’s a living document that reflects who you are as a professional right now. Once you’ve updated your LinkedIn profile, start monitoring the â€Å"Who’s viewed your profile?† section on the right side of your LinkedIn home page. How many times has your profile appeared in searches over the past few days? If your hits are in the single digits, change a few keywords, reassess, and repeat until your numbers go up. Feeling lost? The Essay Expert is here to help you find your professional self. We have helped many a client with multiple professional personalities benefit from a focused, successful LinkedIn summary. About Jill Schaefer: Jill is a professional copywriter and freelance writer who lives in Madison, Wisconsin. She specializes in environmental communications, connecting with clients, giving LinkedIn profiles a makeover, and producing compelling copy. View winning LinkedIn summaries Jill co-wrote for The Essay Experts clients: Shashi Dosaj | Marissa Keller Outten | Michelle Henry

Charles darwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Charles darwin - Essay Example It was then his interest in plants, animals, insects and geological samples developed when he was under the direction of his cousin William Darwin who was an entomologist; and by the mid of 1830’s Charles had so much excelled in the field that he made certain scientific inventions. He further got motivated by his professor of Botany, Stevens Henslow (Darwin, 42). After the mission of HMS Beagle to Patagonia which was carried under the guidance of his professor; he set his base to continue for his further operations in zoological and geological unearthing (Ruse, 4). By this time Darwin had developed relations with Sir Lyell Charles, which earned him the position of secretary of the Geological Society (Burkhardt,  Pearn& Evans, xiv). Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839. Ruse indicates that at this time Darwin was gaining experience from the Downe where he was spending his life at that time (5). He completely devoted his life to science although he suffered from Chagas’ s disease for a long period of time. It was then that he uncovered the issue of the origin of species and what came to be known as natural selection in the Darwinian Theory. By the end of 1850’s Darwin had made a lot of discoveries and finally he was able to compile all his collections in to a book named as The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Charles’s illness continued and the pro-longed illness cost his life and je died leaving 8 kids behind and numerous discoveries and books. He is greatly remembered for his contribution in evolution theories. He indeed contributed greatly in the field of Science. Darwin’s ideas Darwin is considered as the pioneer of a number of ideologies and theories (Aydon, 22). He covered the issues regarding human kind to racism. Darwin argues that the human beings throughout the years have struggled for their survival. He also proposed the relation between the human body and the mind. He declares that the mind is an ext remely complex body organ and has a direct impact and effect on the various human activities. In fact the mind has a direct relation on the evolution of humankind. Evolution of humankind results in racism. Besides this cultural evolution also takes place as a result of the mind activities. Darwin is also remembered for his thoughts on Protestantism and the church. Human Evolution and Philosophy Since the publishing of the work of The Origin of Species  in 1859 by Darwin, a lot of questions have been asked regarding this theory. The questions have been asked in order to further understand human behavior and the different factors that directly affect the human behavior. Philosophy helps in an understanding of the existence of human beings and the reality behind discovery of varying aspects. It is through philosophy that the humans have been able to comprehend the nature of truth and knowledge on the evolution of human beings. In relation to human evolution, philosophy aids in bringi ng the need to inquire and analyse the speculations, interpretations, analysis and criticism of human evolution. It also helps to establish the nature of relationship between people and their society. Philosophy helps to clarify the concept of evolution. Ruse has presented that in his work Darwin wrote that people are always under a constant struggle for survival, they

Natural disasters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Natural disasters - Essay Example Earthquakes manifest themselves on the surface of the earth by shaking and at times displacing the ground. There is a long history of seismic activity and earthquakes in Japan .Japan is a region characterized by high seismicity due to its location which is near main tectonic plate borders and is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Geologically the Japanese islands are as a consequence of many big oceanic movements taking place more than hundreds of millions of years ago. Originally Japan was attached to the Eurasian continent’s eastern coast. Since the Eurasian plates were less deep than the subducting plates, Japan was pulled eastwards forming the Sea of japan about fifteen million years ago (Smits,2014). Whereas on 23 August 416, an earthquake is mentioned in Yamato(present day Nara the Prefecture) initial earthquake to be dependably recorded occurred on28 May,599 in Nara prefecture ,during Empress Suiko’s reign, damaging buildings through the entire Yamato province. Several other historical accounts of earthquakes occurrences exist and with the creation of Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee in 1892, systematic collation of all available data was conducted and in 1899 published. The committee was suspended in 1923 after the occurrence of the Kanto earthquake and in 1925 and the Earthquake Research Institute superseded it (Clancey, 2006). The Kanto earthquake that occurred in 1923 is one of the deadliest in the history of Japan claiming about 105,385 deaths, whereas the Tohuku earthquake in 2011 is the costliest (USD 235 billion) and strongest earthquake on record. It is also the most costly natural disaster to occur globally to date. There are numerous other earthquakes that have occurred and have been recorded in the history of Japan. Nevertheless, the Tohuku earthquake of 11th march 2011 is the strongest in

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Essay Example for Free

Professional Knowledge and Abilities Essay The AAPT also known as the American of Pharmacy Technicians was founded in 1979. The AAPT is an international non-profit organization that is dedicated to improve the delivery of pharmaceutical services, which includes exchange, development, and dissemination of information. All educational requirements are essential for all pharmacy technicians, due to the exparsions of pharmacy technology. It is important that the value of education continues so the AAPT recognized the importance so they established a continuing education service. â€Å"AAPT CES is the official provider of CE credits for pharmacy technicians. (American Association of Pharmacy Technicians 2009) The contribution that the American Association of Pharmacy Technicians is the continuing education to increase my professional knowledge and abilities. It is required by my state that I have ten CE credits to keep my state certification and I have to have twenty to keep my international certification for me to be able to practice as a pharmacy technician. Continuing these courses it helps me to keep up on the new medications, latest technology, pharmacy laws and policies, and leadership abilities. It is proven that the information that is retained from the continuing education is very important in the operation of pharmacy. Another reason that it is important to continue education because of the constant changes in medication and pharmacy laws. It is believed that the information retained from the CE program can be considered a safety mechanism for everyone such as patients and health care providers is vital for the proper dispense of the medications without doing any harm to the patients, but also giving the best possible way to get and take the medication. In conclusion, for one to obtain professional knowledge and abilities one must go forth in the necessary education courses to be able to obtain what one is looking for. The AAPT is the right place to obtain that knowledge and abilities. Without that additional education then the one person would not be able to obtain the knowledge and abilities that they are seeking for their professional job.

Internet Privacy: Government Should Not Regulate Encryption or Cryptogr

Internet Privacy: Government Should Not Regulate Encryption or Cryptography Privacy rights have been an important issue through out time, and it has been increasing in importance as we have moved into the electronic/information age. Keeping that privacy had become a growing concern for many businesses and consumers. With all the information being sent across the web, people are very concerned about their personal information falling into the wrong hands. One way to help protect your privacy on the net is by using an encryption program. Even though they are not completely unbreakable, an encryption program is one of the best ways to protect against outside intrusions. Despite this fact, the government wants too place legislation on encryption services that can be a potential danger to both the development of encryption systems and to your rights. According to the ACLU, the Clinton Administration adopted the "Clipper Chip" plan in 1993. This proposal would require every user of encryption to give the government their decryption keys. This, essentially, would give the government free access to all private and non-private communications, both stored and real-time. "This is the equivalent of the government requiring all homebuilders to embed microphones in the walls of homes and apartments." ( ACLU White Paper: Big Brother in the Wires; Wiretapping in the Digital Age ). There was also a proposal for the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA). This FBI-based law would "require the telecommunications industry to build enhanced digital wiretapping capabilities into the Nation's telephone system. (EFF Press Release & Joint EFF/ACLU/EPIC Statement on ACP) There has been strong opposition to this plan. Many peopl... ...o force encryption users to hand over their decryption keys. It seems as though the government is really more focused on spying on citizens than it is about fighting crime. There does not appear to be any sufficient proof to justify their claim to need decryption keys to fight crime and terrorism (especially terrorism). I believe that if the government wants to use electronic surveillance on encrypted information, for a justifiable reason, then they should work in correspondence with encryption system users. I feel that privacy is a very important right of all people; and people should be able to try and protect it to the best of their ability, as long as no one else gets hurt in the process. People's rights to privacy should not be taken so lightly by our government. I would think that Bill Clinton, of all people, would understand the want, and need, for privacy.

Less Is More

LESS IS BORE. INTRODUCTION HOW CAN ONE DESCRIBE AND ANALYSE AN ARTISTIC MOMENT WHILE IT IS GOING ON? SO IN CASE OF POSTMODERNISM, HISTORY OFFERS NO INSIGHT AS TO THE SCOPE OF THE MOMENT BECAUSE WE ARE IN IT’S MIDST. EXPLANATION â€Å"I NEVER KNEW ANYBODY . . . WHO FOUND LIFE SIMPLE. I THINK A LIFE OR A TIME LOOKS SIMPLE WHEN YOU LEAVE OUT THE DETAILS. † SAME WAS THE THINKING OF ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI WHEN HE TOSSED HIS FAMOUS QUOTE ‘’LESS IS BORE’’, WHICH PAVED THE WAY FOR POSTMODERNISM IN THIS MODERN WORLD.ACCORDING TO THE CONCEPT ‘’LESS IS BORE’’ IT DEFINES THAT POSTMODERNISM IS SO ELUSIVE BECAUSE IT IS A SET OF COMPLEX CONCEPTS AND ABSTRACT PREMISES, NOT ONE CENTRAL IDEA. IT IS ONE OF THE HARDEST PHILOSOPHICAL AND ARTISTIC MOVEMENTS TO DEFINE; HOWEVER, ITS MUCH FORM CAN BE FOUND IN VISUAL ART, LITERATURE AND ARCHITECTURE. THIS CONCEPT ADVOCATES EMBRASING â€Å"CONTRADICTION AND COMPLEXITY’’ IN ORDER TO CREATE VALID AND VITAL WORKS. ITS ARGUES ARCHITECTS TO LEAVE THE TENETS OF TRADITIONAL MODERNISM BEHIND IN PURSUIT OF â€Å"TRUTH IN ITS TOTALITY’’.THIS MEANS THAT POSTMODERNISM IS A COMPLEX SET OF TRUE NATURE OF ARCHITECTURE AND IT IS MORE REAL THAN OVERLY PLANNED, HYPPER-LOGICAL MODERNIST CONSTRUCTIONS. POSTMODERNISM BEGAN AS AN INTERNATIONAL STYLE IN AROUND 1950’S AND CONTINUES TO INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURE TILL THIS DAY. POSTMODERNITY IN ARCHITECTURE IS SAID TO BE HERALDED BY THE RETURN OF â€Å"WIT, ORNAMENT AND REFERANCE† TO THE ARCHITECTYRE IN RESPONCSE TO THE FORMULATION OF INTERNATIONAL STYLE OF MODERNISM.WITH THE START OF POSTMODERNISM THE FUNCTIONAL AND FORMALIZED SHAPES AND SPACES OF THE MODERIST STYLE ARE REPLACED BY DIVERSE AESTHETICS AND NEW WAYS OF VIEWING FAMILIAR STYLE AND SPACES AROUND. THE MODERNISM IS ROTTED IN MINIMAL AND TRUE USE OF MATERIAL BUT WE FIND A WHOLE ABSENCE OF ORNAMENTATION. BUT IN CASE OF POSTMODERNISM, THERE IS A STRO NG REJECTION OF STRICT RULES SET BY THE EARLY MODERNISTS AND THERE IS A PURSUIT OF SEEKING MEANING AND EXPRESSION IN THE USE OF BUILDING TECHNIQUES, FORM AND STYLISTIC REFRENCES.WHY ACCORDING TO ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI â€Å"LESS IS BORE† â€Å"THE IDEAL ART, THE NOBLEST OF ART COULD ONLY BE DONE BY WORKING WITH THE COMPLEXITIES OF LIFE, REFUSING TO SIMPLIFY, TO â€Å"OVERCOME† DOUBT. † EVERY WHERE EXCEPT IN ARCHITECTURE, COMPLEXITTY AND CONTRADICTION HAS BEEN ACKNOWLEDGED, FROM GODEL’S PROFF OF ULTIMATE INCONSISTENCY IN MATHEMATICS TO ELIOT’S ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULT POETRY TILL JOSEPH ALBER’S DEFINATION OF THE PARADOXICAL QUALITY OF PAINTING. BUT LUCKLY VENTURI’S INFLUENCE SHOWS UP THE EMERGENCE OF WHOLLY NEW SITUATION IN ARCHITECTURE.HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE ARCHITECTURE CAME IN SUCH A TIME WHEN MODERNIST ARCHITECTS HAD ERRONEOUSLY ASSUMED THAT THEIR WORK WOULD EVENTULLY TAKE PLACE AS A CONGENIAL NEIGHBOR TO THE OTHER HISTORICAL STYLES. BUT VENTURIE’S AWARNESS TOWARDS THE VERSION OF CLASSICAL ELEMENTS OF DESIGN HELPED HIM TO INTRODUCE THE WORLD WITH â€Å"LESS IS BORE† CONCEPT. HE HAS MADE A SPECIAL ATTEMPT TO RELATE ARCHITECTURE TO OTHER THINGS, AND ALSO HE HAS SET A RELATION BETWEEN COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ARCHITECTURE. SO, THE POSTMODERNISM WELCOMES THE PROBLEMS AND EXPLOIT THE UNCERTAINTIES.IT EMBRACES CONTRADICTIONS AS WELL AS COMPLEXITY AND AIM FOR VITALITY AS WELL AS VALIDITY. WHILE MODERNISM REJECTS DEVINE MEANING, THE BEAUTY OF NATURE AND THE FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY, POSTMODERNISM WISHES TO BRING TO FRUIT IDEAS OF ENLIGHTMENT THAT MODERNISM REJECTS. MODERNISM HOLDS THAT WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS THE IDEA OR OBJECT A WORD REPRESENTS, POSTMODERNISM HOLDS THAT WHAT IS IMPORTANT IS THE ACTUAL WORD ITSELF. ART CAN BE SATISFACTORILY DESCRIBED ONLY WHEN IT IS UNDERSTOOD NOT TO FULFILL THE EXPECTATIONS WHICH IT AROUSES.SO WE MUST UNDERSTOOD THE NATURE OF ART, IT IS NECESSARY TO BEFORE FURTHER ANA LYZING COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION IN ARCHITECTURE. ARCHITECTURE CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD AS ART UNTIL ART HAS BEEN UNDERSTOOD IN GENERAL. A MAJOR PROBLEM IN ART HAS BEEN A SUPPOSEDLY NECESSARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WORK OF ART AND THE EXPERIENCE OF ART. LOOKING AT GRAPHIC DESIGN, THERE ARE NO â€Å"LAWS,† BUT THERE ARE CERTAIN IDEAS ABOUT SYSTEMS, RULES AND FORM. HOWEVER, IT SEEMS THAT MANY OF VENTURI'S PRINCIPLES WORK EFFECTIVELY IN A GRAPHIC DESIGN CONTEXT: VARIETY, INCLUSION, AND TENSION ARE ALL KEY COMPONENTS TO SUCCESSFUL AND COMPELLING WORKS.WHILE GRAPHIC DESIGN PROJECTS GENERALLY HAVE A MUCH SHORTER LIFE SPAN THAN ARCHITECTURAL WORKS, IT IS INTERESTING TO CONSIDER THE GRAPHIC LANDSCAPE IN REFERENCE TO THE CITY LANDSCAPE. AS VENTURI DISCUSSED THESE IDEAS IN RELATION TO BOTH THE SINGULAR BUILDING AND THE DYNAMIC, LIVING CITY, WE CAN ALSO THINK ABOUT OUR DESIGN WORK AS INDIVIDUAL ENTITIES AS WELL AS PARTS OF A WHOLE BY CONSIDERING HOW THEY FIT IN WITH BOTH CONTEMPORARY A ND HISTORIC EXAMPLES OF GRAPHIC DESIGN.CERTAINLY HIS IDEA OF REPURPOSING HISTORICAL OR TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS ALSO APPLIES TO ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN—POSTMODERNISM WOULD NOT EXIST WITHOUT THIS CONCEPT. LETS US TAKE THE EXAMPLE OF RESIDENCE IN CHESTNUT HILL, PA. , VENTURI AND RAUCH, 1962. THIS BUILDING RECOGNIZES COMPLEXITIES AND CONTRADICTIONS: IT IS BOTH COMPLEX AND SIMPLE, OPEN AND CLOSED, BIG AND LITTLE; SOME OF ITS ELEMENTS ARE GOOD ON ONE LEVEL AND BAD ON ANOTHER; ITS ORDER ACCOMMODATES THE GENERIC ELEMENTS OF THE HOUSE IN GENERAL, AND THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENTS OF A HOUSE IN PARTICULAR.IT ACHIEVES THE DIFFICULT UNITY OF A MEDIUM NUMBER OF DIVERSE PARTS RATHER THAN THE EASY UNITY OF FEW OR MANY MOTIVAL PARTS. THE INSIDE SPACES, AS REPRESENTED IN PLAN AND SECTION, ARE COMPLEX AND DISTORTED IN THEIR SHAPES AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS. THEY CORRESPOND TO THE COMPLEXITIES INHERENT IN THE DOMESTIC PROGRAM AS WELL AS TO SOME WHIMSIES NOT INAPPROPRIATE TO AN INDIVIDUAL HOUSE. ON THE OTH ER HAND, THE OUTSIDE FORM–AS REPRESENTED BY THE PARAPETED WALL AND THE GABLE ROOF WHICH ENCLOSE THESE COMPLEXITIES AND DISTORTIONS IS SIMPLE AND CONSISTENT: IT REPRESENTS THIS HOUSE'S PUBLIC SCALE.THE FRONT, IN ITS CONVENTIONAL COMBINATIONS OF DOOR, WINDOWS, CHIMNEY AND GABLE, CREATES AN ALMOST SYMBOLIC IMAGE OF A HOUSE. SO, WE ALL MUST KNOW THAT POSTMODERNISM IS AN ART OF CREATING THE â€Å"ANOMALIES AND UNCERTAINTIES† THAT â€Å"GIVE VALIDITY TO ARCHITECTURE,† THE ARCHITECTURE MUST BE REACTING AGAINST SOMETHING. SO WHILE â€Å"THERE ARE NO FIXED LAWS,† ARCHITECTURE BENEFITS FROM SOME SENSE OF ORDER OR A SYSTEM SO THAT IT CAN REACT. BECAUSE SYSTEMS CANNOT ACCOMMODATE EVER CIRCUMSTANCE, ARCHITECTURE SHOULD STRIVE TO DEFY ORDER AND THE ALTERING OR BREAKING OF ORDER ENHANCES THE DEEPER MEANINGS OF THE ARCHITECTURE. Less Is More Less Is More Some say that short stories are pointless, who could possibly write a story in just 55 words and it make sense? Well it has been done and it works quite well! It takes an author of great skill to be able to put so much information into such a small piece of writing, to be able to fit in all the necessities. These authors have their own genre of writing. Some of these amazing authors include Lydia Davis, Margaret Atwood, and Terry L. Tilton. These are just a few of the outstanding brains behind some of the best short stories ever written.Not only do these authors use the lack of words in such a way to make the reader more involved in the outcome of the story, they also use fewer words to be more dramatic, and to leave you with questions. In the short story â€Å"That Settles Thatâ€Å", Terry L. Tilton uses 55 words to complete an entire story. Here it is, Tom was a handsome, fun-loving young man, albeit a bit drunk when he got into the argument with Sam, his roommate o f just two months. ‘You can’t. You can not write a short story in just 55 words, you idiot? ’ Sam shot him dead on the spot. Oh yes you can,’ Sam said, smiling. This story is outstanding! It shows how much can be said in just a few words and leaves so many blanks for the reader to fill in. Some may look at this as being lazy, to leave so much for the reader to figure out on their own, however, for someone to conduct a story in 55 words that make sense, that is total genus! These authors that create these masterpieces know that a lot of readers prefer to be more active as they read. They like to read between the lines, look underneath the text. Feature Article – Short Story  The Plane of the Sleeping BeautyThese readers are very common and the authors know this, they know that their target audience are those who feel as if they are included in the writing process, that they get to decide what people look like and what they wear. They like to have the ability to make these decisions based upon the surrounding text, the information that the author does give. Stories like this one, give the reader the chance to work their brains, not just read the plain text for face value. This is a huge reason that short stories are important, they let active readers give their brain the work out it needs! Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood is very dramatic. This short story is all about different ways to write a happy ending, although these ways involve extraneous situations involving lives that do not end happily, and in the end, no matter what, the main characters end up dying. A short story has to be more dramatic, more thi ngs need to happen in a short amount of time so the reader doesn’t get all the extra information. Think about it as if it is a Thanksgiving dinner, you don’t get all the stuffing and mashed potatoes, just the turkey, that’s all you have time for!These writers know that they only have a short amount of space to write in everything that they need so they want the big meaty pieces in there so it makes a huge impact! Lydia Davis beautifully wrote â€Å"Letter to a Funeral Parlorâ€Å". This short story is a letter that someone composed about their father passing away and the funeral parlor using the word â€Å"Cremains† to describe him. Lyndia Davis says, â€Å"Then we were sitting there in our chairs in the living room trying not to weep in front of your representative who†¦ referred to [my father] as ‘the cremains’†.This shows Davis’ ability to pull at the readers heart strings and make a point. This is a wonderfully writte n piece and it does exactly what a short story should do! Not only does it use a lack of words to have the readers fill in the blanks themselves but she also writes in a dramatic way. She is very to the point. She also does the final thing that is conveyed within short stories, she leaves you with questions. This is an amazing thing to do, as it leaves the readers wondering. Sometimes there are sequels to short stories and other times it is just another way to get the reader more involved.This give the reader another chance to fill in the blanks. Like in the Letter to a Funeral Parlor, it does not speak of how the father dies, nor does it talk about where they are from or what the people look like. These are all questions the author leaves the readers with, to think about. Readers enjoy reading short stories because they are something different from novels. Some people don’t want to have a book that takes a week or longer to read, some people don’t have attention spans that will last through an entire book.Those people want something they can read in 30 seconds or a half hour depending on if it’s a short short or not. Just because someone is a reader who prefers to read something short does not make then any worse or a reader that someone who likes 1000 page novels. It is all in the preference of the reader. Reading a short story is a good idea for readers because it gives you more options of reading. They are there for the readers who like to figure things out on their own. Short stories are amazing to read.They always leave you with something to think about. These essays are difficult to construct because of the amount of information that needs to be in such a small piece of writing. That is why the authors that do create these pieces of work are to be applauded because not everyone can do it. In a short story the author lets the reader be an active reader, filling in all the extra blanks and details. Short story authors also use fewer w ords to be dramatic. The less space you have to write, the fewer useless details and things that you will have.Therefore, the whole content is the important meat. This makes it so that the points are not drawn out, it creates a more climactic piece of work. These authors also leave their readers with questions. This creates the ability to keep the readers intrigued. Short story authors are amazing at what they do, someone like Terry L. Tilton, who has the ability to write a story in 55 words, should be commended or what they do. Works Cited Meyer, Michael, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 9th ed. Boston: St Martins, 2008. Print. Works Cited Knight

Personal Philosophy of Education Essay

Teaching is mostly a social activity; it begins with social interactions between teachers, students and their peers through conversation and demonstration. The information received in these social interactions is then processed cognitively in their working memory and hopefully stored in their long term memory. This learning process has two main stages the social stage and the cognitive stage which then can be broken down into many other stages. Given that that social interaction and cognition are in my opinion the most fundamental parts of learning I have gained much interest in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. The true direction of the development of thinking is not from the individual to the social but from the social to the individual’, (Vygotsky, 1986, p. 36). This idea argues that the social relationship between the teacher and learner is crucial in their cognitive development and that the information learned by the student is not simply passed down from the teacher but it is constructed internally through mutual social interactions. The importance of social interaction means that as a teacher I must use every opportunity I can to allow students to be involved socially while building their knowledge. This will involve planning lessons which involve carefully guided class discussions. This allows students to express their views while the teacher can guide their thinking and correct them if needed. I believe learners mostly process new information by comparing it to previously stored information. In many cases the teacher may need to show the student how it is related to the new information by comparing it to what the student previously learnt. It is the teacher’s job to bridge the gap between known and unknown and I believe this is best described using Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development. Vygotsky (1986) argues that it is the teacher’s job to assist the student to build on their previous knowledge rather than just provide them with new information, turning them into passive recipients. Allowing students to process information critically with some guidance leads to better understanding and allows students to regulate their own learning. In order for this to be effective the teacher must be aware of the different ability levels of the students as if the information is placed outside of their proximal development zone they will be only memorising information without truly understanding its meaning. In my classroom I would aim to have knowledge of all my students’ abilities so that I may pose questions within their zone of proximal development which will then deepen their understanding of the topic. There are many simple ways of doing this such as giving analogies that compare pieces of information in a way that they understand or by giving them hints about the correct method to solve the problem. Education is a lot more complex than having knowledge of relevant theories. This is due to the huge diversity among students who may have different ethnicity, socio economic status and moral values. These are all external factors which are mostly out of the teachers control and while it is important to consider these differences I believe motivation is the key to allowing students to get the most out of their education. Current views conceptualise motivation as a dynamic and complex phenomenon comprising many cognitive, affective and social processes that instigate, direct and sustain action (Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). Given that motivation is sustaining the student’s interest in their learning it is up to the teacher to keep them motivated. A cognitive approach to motivation is achievement motivation which allows students to build on their successes by motivating them to be successful in the future. This can only be achieved if the knowledge is within the student’s ability which once again reinforces to me the importance of being aware of my students’ abilities and using their zone of proximal development to its full advantage. Having the ability to motivate and understand students differences are traits which I believe are essential for a successful teacher but in order to possess these abilities the teacher must first be able to build a quality relationship with the students. When there are high levels of closeness and low levels of conflict and dependency, students are more likely to be motivated to succeed, to feel successful in educational pursuits and, consequently, to perform better than students without such supports (Koomen, Zee, Van der Veen 2013). The research shows that positive student teacher relationships not only improve academic achievement but allow students to work more independently. As a teacher I will strive to build these quality relationships in which I can allow students to work independently with some guidance. This will allow more freedom in their learning and will ultimately motivate them towards better academic achievement.

Cloning Essays (682 words) - Cloning, Molecular Biology, Genetics

Cloning Essays (682 words) - Cloning, Molecular Biology, Genetics Cloning Twenty years ago, scientists said that cloning was completely impossible. But now, the science of cloning has come to realization. Imagine meeting an exact replica of somebody. They look alike, think alike, and even have the same genetic makeup. No, this isn't an episode of Star Trek, this is reality. This is the new world of cloning, and thanks to a 7-month-old sheep named Dolly, a new science has been born. As with every new science, there are those who believe in it, and those who oppose it. The new technology of cloning should be utilized because it could bring back extinct organisms, help infertile couples to have children, and potentially save many lives. Cloning could bring back extinct animals. Over millions of years, thousands of different species have gone extinct. Most were due to "natural selection", while several others were due to human intervention. According to the Encarta Encyclopedia, 1997, "nearly two-thirds of all the native bird species and one-tenth of the native plants originally found on the Hawaiian Islands have gone extinct recently. Most of these losses have been of species unique to the Hawaiian archipelago. Predators, competitors, or diseases introduced by humans from continental areas are responsible for many of the extinctions. Many remaining species on oceanic islands are threatened or endangered." With cloning, many of the animal species, and potentially several of the plant species could be brought back to life. Even though there is currently no technique for bringing the plants back, with technology advancing so quickly, we could have a solution quite soon. Cloning, though now limited to an! imal subjects, potentially has significant human applications. Cloning will help a couple who would normally be unable to have children because one of them was infertile. In the case of an infertile father, scientists take an egg from the mother, remove its nucleus, then take a cell from the father, remove its nucleus, and place the nucleus inside the empty egg. That cell now acts as a reproductive cell. They then put the egg in the mothers' womb, and wait for results. Unfortunately, this method has a very low success rate. According to Gina Kolata of the New York Times, February 23, 1997, in the experiments with the sheep, 277 cells were attempted. Twenty-nine of those developed into embryos. When those cells were transferred to the female sheep, only thirteen became pregnant. Of those thirteen, only one carried the pregnancy to full term and delivered a live lamb. However, with the ever-progressing technology, scientists will be able to achieve higher success rates. The power of cloning can not only be used to create life, it ! can also be used to save it. Cloning has many medical benefits that could be utilized. It could be used to replicate organs from animals that would be suitable for transplant into humans. This process would increase the amount of people who could be saved. Since there would be more organs, the waiting lists for transplants would become much shorter. According to James Glassman or the Denver Post, February 26, 1997, "Engineered animals like pigs could be cloned and harvested for organs to transplant into sick humans". This would be much easier, because you don't have to wait for an organ donor. Cloning can also recreate certain genetically engineered animals that carry helpful substances. In the case of the sheep, the main product that they are trying to get is AAT, a sheep's milk now in clinical trials for use in treating cystic fibrosis.(CNN on-line, February 23, 1997) Also, according to the Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, 1992, "clones have produced such medically important substances as Insu! lin, interferon, and growth hormone". Due to the overwhelming positive implications, society must embrace this new technology. The science of cloning should be used because it could resurrect extinct animals, give couples a new hope, and medical science now has a new tool that could potentially save thousands of lives. Cloning, once the stuff of science fiction, will with recent advances become an integral part of our society.

A Midwifery Community Profile Health And Social Care Essay

A Midwifery Community Profile Health And Social Care Essay This community profile is based on an area in the outskirts of Glasgow and the objective is to identify the current provisions of maternity care and other health care services, which cater for the needs of the local population in the physical, emotional, intellectual and social needs for groups in the community, additionally, commenting on any deficits in care. Health promotions have been identified as resources that will enhance the health of this specific community’s health and are included in the profile. Also, the role and contribution of the midwifery services is explored, along with other primary healthcare providers and how they use teamwork to deliver healthcare to the community. Professional and ethical issues have been discussed throughout the profile and as all aspects of health are unrelated and interdependent, (Ewles & Simnett, 1992: Ch1 p7), a holistic and professional view has been taken to evaluate the needs, and health services of this community. The RCM beli eves that truly woman-centered care must encompass midwifery-led care of normal pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period and services that are planned and delivered close to women and the communities in which they live or work, (NHS Evidence, 2008). This statement shows the importance of a community midwife, as their role is to not only provide the clinical skills, but also be accessible for support and advice at the time of much adjustment for a woman. If the midwife can become a part of the woman’s community, getting to know the woman and her family more personally, learning to understand their lives and the nature of the life around them, she will be able to be more responsive and understanding to them as individuals, and move away from the depersonalization of the institution. Individual societies each have their own specific needs and characteristics, and it is vital for a midwife to know her area well in order to respond appropriately, along with poverty levels and rac ial mixes (Fraser and Cooper 2009, p. 43). Community-based care can be in the home or in community hospitals and centers, but is a process that emphasizes consultation, collaboration, and referral to the professionals who are most appropriately prepared to meet the women ¹s needs (Walsh, 2001). It is also vital that women are educated and â€Å"women should be given appropriate, accurate and unbiased information based on research that would allow and encourage them to make informed choices in relation to their care† (Baston & Green, 2002). Women from different backgrounds, and areas can often have very contrasting education levels and as a midwife, it is essential to know your neighborhood well in order to take these into consideration when communicating with a woman. The area chosen for this community profile is in the south west of Glasgow, which will now be referred to as area X, with a population of 10,024 (RDC – Registrar General’s Census, 2001). Table 1: Age Distribution – Area X Indicator Number Percentage Population aged 0-15 2,400 23.9% Population ages 16-64 6,463 64.5% Population aged 65+ 1161 11.6% The majority of the population is in the age range 16-64 years and the relevant health care services in the community for this group are the antenatal clinics, family planning and screening clinics.

Aravind eye care system Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aravind eye care system - Case Study Example For the rest, affordable eye care is provided. Surgeries on cataracts form approximately 70 percent of all operations. The Aravind Eye care Hospital exists as an ophthalmological hospital which currently has various locations and branches in India. Through creativity and innovation, Dr. Govindappa Venkatawamy founded this hospital in 1976. Since that time, it has grown and expanded into a network of several eye hospitals. This has seen a total of approximately 32 million patients in record 36 years and has also performed approximately 4 million eye surgeries, majority of these being very cheap or even free. Many people all over the world have congratulated the model and the services offered by the Aravind Eye Care hospitals and it has become a point of reference for various case studies (Center for Health Market Innovations). Innovation generally means creating more efficient and effective products, services, ideas and processes which increases the possibility of business or a venture succeeding. Ventures that are innovative create more effective work processes and experience better performance and productivity. Innovation could mean executing new ideas, creation of dynamic products and services or just improving on the existing goods and services. Innovation has been attributed as a catalyst for the fast growth and success of Aravind Eye care Hospital and has helped it to grow in the marketplace (Salge & Vera 2009, 67). Being innovative does not necessarily mean inventing new things; innovation could mean changing the business model and adapting to new changes in the environment so as to deliver better and improved products, services and ideas. Successful innovation ought to be an in-built part of the business strategy, where culture of innovation is developed, experience innovative thinking and the development of

Managing Organisations in a Global Context. Chevron Corporation Essay

Managing Organisations in a Global Context. Chevron Corporation - Essay Example Global scale of its operations, scarcity of skilled workforce, and a highly competitive commodity based business makes Chevron highly vulnerable to the external environment. For Chevron to retain its market leadership in a competitive global knowledge-based economy, it has to depend on efficient knowledge exchange between its operations groups (customer facing) and the technology center staff (responsible for technology and support). Therefore, it is important for Chevron to actively engage in knowledge management activities to increase operational efficiencies and overall cost-advantages. The report analyses the structure, organizational culture and leadership of Chevron to study its internal capabilities. Chevron has a decentralized organizational structure that poses both a threat and advantage to implement necessary changes for knowledge sharing and team collaboration. The principles of â€Å"The Chevron Way† that acts as a learning tool to communicate and reinforce the va lues and goals of Chevron is a key artifact for its team and learning-based organization culture. Chevron leader ­ship has been instrumental in driving key initiatives as best practice sharing, operational efficiency management system and benchmarking wrt industry practices. The key issues that are important to be addressed for Chevron’s long-term future are low-cost competition from state-owned oil companies, global communication challenge regarding environmental concerns and its existing decentralized structure. Introduction The financial crisis of 2008 highlighted once again two key lessons for organizations all over the world: firstly, that organization cannot operate in vacuum and is not invulnerable to what is happening in the external environment and secondly, the world is so interconnected that positive and negative effects in organizations can have ripple effects across the globe in a matter of minutes. External environment comprises of factors such as administrati ve and legal (international, non-governmental policies and regulations, legislatures and legal frameworks), technology (innovations, research and development), politics (government support and political systems in the geographical region), economics (inflation, labour laws, opportunity costs, currency restrictions etc.), society and culture at local, national and regional levels and stakeholders (Harrison, 1970). There are evident examples of organizations that have been deeply impacted due to pressures of the external environment such as Kodak at the advent of disruptive innovation in digital imaging (Forbes, 2008), Lehman Brothers bankruptcy due to 2008 global financial crisis (Investopedia, 2009) etc. Globalization has transformed contemporary business environment into a knowledge-based economy that makes organizations even more vulnerable to changes. Oil and Gas companies are no exceptions to this turbulent environment. The relevance of geopolitical tensions, environmental consi derations, oil economics and market dynamics make them complex entities to operate. They deal with a number of complex tasks, which reason the necessity of knowledge management system in the oil and gas organizations. Globalization, innovative technologies, outsourcing and offshoring, new joint ventures, government regulations and scarcity of experienced personnel have amplified the need to share and mobilize knowledge, expertise and best practices across multi-national organizations to retain their competitive advantage (Leavitt, 2002). This report addresses the above factors in case of CHEVRON Corporation, and

Econ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Econ - Essay Example The IMF was conceived in 1944 when representatives of 45 countries met at Bretton Woods, USA and agreed on the framework of IMF which came into formal existence in December 1945 (after World War II) with 29 members. The member countries agreed that the value of the US$ follow the gold prices and that the other member currencies be pegged to the US$ with some room allowed for corrections (but with the agreement of the IMF). This par value system was also known as the Bretton Woods system. In the 1960s, the US$ was seen as overvalued. As the US government started spending more especially due to the Vietnam War, the overvaluation of the US$ became even more of a burden for the US. Thus, in August 1971, then US President Richard Nixon announced that the US would temporarily suspend the US$ pegging to Gold. This led to a breakdown of the system and by March 1973, the major currencies were no longer pegged to the US$ and began to float against each other. Subsequently, the IMF has assumed the role of maintaining the stability and preventing crisis in the international monetary system.

Characteristics Of Popular Fiction As Literary Genre English Language Essay

Characteristics Of Popular Fiction As Literary Genre English Language Essay This chapter will investigate the characteristics of popular fiction as a literary genre and will discuss the nature of translation, as well as the difficulties a translator may confront when translating popular fiction. The chapter is divided into two sub chapters. The first subchapter is written on popular fiction. This section examines main features of this literary genre and makes an attempt to define the relationship between popular fiction and popular culture, also the position of popular fiction within the national literary system. The second subchapter is dedicated to translation. In this subchapter, translation is viewed as a movement of a text from one culture to another. To explain this view, I will first analyse the parts of language that lend themselves to cultural specificity. These include collocation, culture-specific word, phraseological units, accent and speech genres. The purpose of this investigation s to ascertain why such cultural specificities are of importance to the original texts, as well as to the transited texts in particular, and why these cultural specificities may pose problems for translators. 1.Popular fiction The last ten years has witnessed the proliferation of popular fiction both in the number of titles and sales. For instance, Mills and Boon publish 70 new titles each month and pulp any unsold copies after three months. (The Independent, 2008). And there have been changes in reading habit; a report on Market Figures from the UK National Literacy Trust cited on the website of the Romantic Novelist Association reveals that there are more people reading for pleasure than ever before (65% now read for enjoyment compared to 55% in 1979). At the international level, Mills and Boon have their books translated into 25 languages and sell in 100 international markets and a stable of 1,300 authors worldwide are working for Mills and Boom. (The Independent, 2008) The following section of this chapter is dedicated to the study of popular fiction, its relationship with popular culture, and its place in the national literary system. 1.1 Popular fiction as a literary genre The term popular fiction has been defined in a number of ways. In New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society (2005) the word popular has the following distinct uses: Something that is widespread and well-liked by many people; Popular in the contrast between high and popular culture; Popular to mean the mass media imposed on people by commercial interest; Popular used to describe a culture made by the people for themselves. In the very initial understanding, popular fiction is novels, which are well-liked by many people and sold out with enormous quatity. In terms of literary products, Gelder considers popular fiction to be the opposite of Literature. (Gelder, 2004 p.11). Gelder stressed his usage of Literature instead of literature by explaining that the latter is a general field of writing while the former means quality literary works written by such writers as George Elliot, Henry James, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, Flannery OConnor, Vladimir Nabokov, Tobias Wolff and so on, (Gelder, 2004 p.11). According to Gelder, these masterpieces deploy a set of logics and practices that are different in kind to those deployed in the field of popular fiction.( Gelder, 2004 p.12). In other words, Literature has tangled plots and intense formal artistry (Amis, 2001 p. 327) and its authors focus on discourses of originality and creativity. Popular fiction, on the other hand, is a kind of industrial practice and its writers use the language of industry instead the language of art world. (Gelder, 2004 p.15) For this reason, Gelder suggests that we should distinguish between two terms author and writer. He argues that popular fiction has less to do with originality and creativity, so for popular fiction, the term writer is preferred to author. (Gelder, 2004 p.14). Another trait differentiating a writer of popular fiction to an author of Literature is their aims; while Literature fictions primary goal is the self-expression of an author, the primary focus of popular fiction is its readers. Thi s explains why popular fiction is strongly supported by the Feminist school. Macherey (1978) and Radway (1987) representatives of the Feminist school are of the belief that readers and their level of interest should be the main concerns of any writers if they want to sell their books. Was Ulysses really a great work of literature if almost no one read it for leisure, and if the few who dared found it so taxing? What did writers owe their audience? How easy were we supposed to make things for them? (Gelder, 2004 p. 23) Readers have a crucial role in the development of popular fiction since the success of popular fiction on the market has revealed why a writer should pay more attention to his/her readers and their interest, especially in the world where more and more people are reading for pleasure. At this point, popular fiction has its merit and it is by no means negligible. Popular fiction is the first rate story teller (Hamilton and Jones, 2009 p.vi) since each story tells a tale, which is the reflection of ordinary readers desire or experience and it has ability to touch readers compassion and understanding (Nash, 1990 p.3). The characteristics of popular fiction Popular fiction is the combination of two main elements: conventions and inventions. According to Cawelti, conventions are elements which are usually quite specific to a particular culture and period and do not mean the same outside this specific context. (Cawelti, 1976 p.5) Stereotyped characters, accepted ideas, commonly known metaphors even favourite plot are examples of conventions. Inventions, on the other hands, are elements which are uniquely imagined by creators (Ashley, 1989 p.87). Such inventional elements could be either new kinds of character ideas, innovative plot or creative usages of language. Both conventions and inventions play significant roles in a cultural context. While conventions represent the shared values of a society, inventions introduce new concepts to the society. Conventions maintain the traditions, customs and stability of a defined culture; inventions bring changes, new values. This explains the popularity of popular fictions since readers could find in these novels a piece of their lives, beliefs, and interests. Such findings bring them satisfaction and emotional security (Cawelti, 1976 p.9). At the same time, inventions provide them with new information about the world and the feeling of escape from the ordinary life around them. It is usually criticized that the genres of popular fiction make overuse of the literary formula, which is the synthesis of a number of specific cultural conventions in a period of time (Cawelti, 1976 p.6). Sewell (1984) stated that the value of popular fiction as literature was subsidiary because of limitations in novelty and creativity of formula fiction. However, such formula fiction fills a strong need for escape and relaxation of readers. Readers experience life, death, violence, and sex described in popular fiction in a manner that increases his sense of confidence and well-ordered existence. (Cawelti, 1976 p.16) Furthermore, formula could be considered to be a kind of literary art because of its two features (1) essential standardlization and (2) its relation to the needs of escape (Cawelti, 1976 p.8) The first characteristic of fomula is the essence of all literature. (Cawelti, 1976 p.8). This is the factor creating the common background between a writer and his/her audience. Such shared experience brings basic emotional security to readers and through this readers may find it easier not only to comprehend the plot, but also to interpret between the lines. In other words, when a bridge between a writer and his/her readers is created, it enables artistic communication. (Cawelti, 1976 p.9) The second feature of formula is of importance since such formulaic elements create the ideal world without limitations or uncertainties in readers imagination. (Cawelti, 1976 p.16) This aspect significantly distinguishes between popular fiction and serious literature. The latter describes the real world and forces its readers to face with the uncertain and unsecured reality when recognizing their involvement in characters whose fates reveal limitations and uncertainties. (Cawelti, 1976 p.13-18) The relationship between popular fiction and popular culture The term popular culture has been defined in numerous ways. Mukerji and Schudson give the following definition of popular culture: Popular culture refers to the beliefs and practices, and the objects through which they are organized, that are widely shared among a population. This includes folk beliefs, practices and objects rooted in local traditions, and mass beliefs, practices and objects generated in political and commercial centers. (Mukerji and Schudson , 1991 p.3-4) Bates and Ferri mention even a broader definition of popular culture: Popular culture is the television we watch, the movies we see, the fast food, or slow food, we eat, the clothes we wear, the music we sing and hear, the things we spend our money for, our attitude toward life. It is the whole society we live in, that which may or may not be distributed by the mass media. It is virtually our whole world (Bates and Ferri, 2010 p.3) From these definitions, it is evident that the formula mentioned above is cultural product. Culture is source for conventions, as well as is the background based on which the mutual understanding between a writer and his audiences. On the other hand, formula also has its impacts on culture since it may become conventional ways of representing and relating certain images, symbols. Flemmings James Bond, Doyles Sherlock Homes, or recently Rowlings Harry Potter could be taken as examples illustrating influences of fictional characters on culture. For instance, Gelder (2004) observes the phenomenon of Harry Potter and ascertains that Harry Potter has spread far beyond the novels themselves. Total sales had reached around 250 million across 200 countries, with the novels translated into 60 languages, including Latin and Welsh. The first Harry Potter film adaptation by Warner Bros. became at the time the second-highest grossing film in history (beaten only by James Camerons The Titanic). A huge amount of media spin-offs and merchandizing helped to keep Harry Potter at the centre of global cultural interest. Discovering such powerful influence of this phenomenon, Gelder concludes that The Harry Potter phenomenon has indeed rebranded, and reglobalized, Britain, presenting to the world a country confident in its past but trying harder than usual to work out the possibilities for the future. (Gelder, 2004 p. 34). Apparently, when a formula is widely successful, it has special appeal and becomes significant to the society. The process through which a formula develops and become a pattern of culture could be name cultural evolution. (Cawelti, 1976 p.20) 1.4 The relationship between popular fiction and literary system Despite the widespread and popularity of popular fiction, in academic world, the place of popular fiction and its importance in academia are still not clear. A confession of an interest in popular fiction would be received with doubts and uncomprehending responses. (Ashley, 1989 p.1) While genres of popular fiction-such as romance, thriller, crime fiction, or science fiction have attracted widespread attention from various perspectives, they have not been considered and investigated as disparate categories( Schneider-Mayerson, 2010 p.21). To explain the overlook on popular fiction, Ashley (1989) states that such neglect is the result of the negative attitude of literary criticism, which consider popular fiction to be the second-rate fiction, or a kind of cultural detritus. (Ashley, 1989 p.3) In the sixties of the twentieth century, Tony Bennet introduced the case of popular fiction as both symptom and cause of cultural degeneracy (Schneider-Mayerson, 2010 p.22). And in literary scholars views, whose focus was the language and style used in literature, popular fiction was a meretricious cousin of real literature. (Schneider-Mayerson, 2010 p.30) However, it is worth viewing popular fiction in the polysystem frame in order to reconsider the position of popular fiction in literature, Even- Zohar introduced his concept of polysystem with the idea that literature is an historical phenomenon that should be analyzed by systematic approaches similar to that of other sciences. He describes The idea of structuredness and systemicity need no longer be identified with homogeneity, a semiotic system can be conceived of as a heterogeneous, open structure. It is, therefore, very rarely a unisystem but is, necessarily, a polysystem a multiple system, a system of various systems which intersect with each other and partly overlap, using concurrently different options, yet functioning as one structured whole, whose members are interdependent (Even-Zohar, 1990 p.11) A literary polysystem is envisaged as the interlinking chains of genres and producers which allow us to identify different types of literature and their social purposes. In the polysystem theory, all fields of literary creativity, popular literature, translated literature, childrens literature, as well as semi-litera ry texts, may become subjects of research. The predominant factors in the polysytem concept are stratification, heterogeneity and dynamics. The polysystem theory also assumes a series of centres and peripheries belonging to the various system within polysystem . There is always a struggle among texts created. The goal of such a battle is to move into the centre of the polysystem, but only a small number of them acquire the status of official, high, and become canonical. Texts which move successfully to the central position are those which are of popularity on the market, as well as among readers. Obviously there are some certain restrictions in the polysytem theories such as the blurred boundaries between centre and periphery but the theory of Even-Zohar allows us to observe the movement and social positioning of popular fiction along with discovering the factors which influence the position of popular fiction in the national literary system. The fame of popular fiction as stated in the introduction of this section, together with the certain contribution of popular fiction to the development of current literary and cultural trend, has revealed popular fiction is an integral part of the literary system and it is worth conducting more insightful research to this field. 2. The translation of popular fiction The first section of this chapter has not only examined popular fiction as a literary genre, but also investigated the characteristics of this genre, as well as its relationship with popular culture and its place in the national literary systems. The following section of this chapter studies the challenges, which popular fiction may pose to a translator during the translation procedure. This section will focus on a variety of theoretical approaches available to translators when working with the set of conventions of popular fiction. This is an attempt to demonstrate principles of translation theory, as well as the act of transfer a text from one cultural context to another. 2.1 What is translation? From the dawn of history, to exchange information has always been one of the most important activities of mankind. Thus, it has always been extremely significant to have sufficient information about what is happening in near or distant countries. The more powerful countries prefer to demonstrate their achievements in economics, military and especially arts, as music and painting have universal appeal, which affect human feelings. Literature plays an extraordinarily crucial role among arts. Unlike music and painting, which influence people of different nationalities directly through sight and hearing, literary works often face significant obstacles if their readers native tongues are different from that of the authors. Hence, translation is used as a powerful tool to help target readers and source authors overcome the barriers of language. Translation has a special place in the literary process as translated literature facilities access to the literature and culture of other nations. In fact, translation is a key to the development of a national literary process as by translating works of foreign literature, features (both principles and elements) are introduced into the home literature which did not exist there before. (Even Zohar, 1978 p.47) Hatim and Mason define translation as an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for different purposes and different readers/hearers (Hatim and Mason, 1997 p.1). The concept of boundaries in this definition of Hatim and Mason, to some extents, is relevant to what Pym calls text belongs in his book Translation and Text Transfer. (Pym, 1992 p.101). Pym (1992) considers that a text has a place, time and original context where it is completely understood. So when a text is translated from one language into another, there are changes of values in those culturally bound elements in order to make a target audience engage with text in a similar way to its original readers. (Pym, 1992 p.102) Pym states that translation can be seen as a special kind of response to things that have been transferred or are meant to be transferred (Pym, 1992 p.18). In other words, translation is an act of moving the text belong from one context to another. It is obvious that Pyms definition is not restricted to the mechanical linguistic work of a translator but it observes translation from various aspects, which can be political situation, social context or historical period. Jacobson (1987), who believes that the meaning of any word or phrase whatsoever is definitely a semiotic fact defines translation as an interpretation a verbal sign. In his opinion, there are three types of interpreting: (Jacobson, 1987 p. 428 -429) 1. Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. 2. Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. 3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. Such definition of Jacobson is useful since it offers an understanding of translation within a language, as well as several languages. The intersemiotic translation (the change of one form to another) allows the role for the media in translation process. This might be of importance when taking into accounts popular fiction since several translations of this genre are made only after the successes of their screen adaptations. 2.2 The challenges for the translators of popular fiction Popular fiction, with its sets of conventions as discussed in the previous section, may pose a great challenge for translators. An initial reading of works by Marian Keyes, Cecelia Ahern, Helen Fielding, and Sophie Kinsella would suggest that the following aspects of language in popular fiction may appear challenging for the translators. 2.2.1 Phraseological Units Linguists in the Eastern European tradition have long referred to all formulaic phrases as phraseological units or phraseologisms ( Kunin, 1960; Skrypnyk, 1972; Zorivchak, 1983). The corresponding subfield of study has been designated as phraseology (the study of phrases). In the Western tradition the first comprehensive book on phraseology in English Phraseology: Theory, Analysis and Applications by A.  Cowie was published only in 1998. The term phrase in the Anglophone world is used as a rather general concept. Random House Dictionary defines it as (my highlighting): 1. Grammar. a. a sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in a sentence. b. (in English) a sequence of two or more words that does not contain a finite verb and its subject or that does not consist of clause elements such as subject, verb, object, or complement, as a preposition and a noun or pronoun, an adjective and noun, or an adverb and verb. 2. Rhetoric. a word or group of spoken words that the mind focuses on momentarily as a meaningful unit and is preceded and followed by pauses. 3. a characteristic, current, or proverbial expression On closer consideration it can be observed that the semantics of phrase in English tradition do not differ significantly from the notion of phraseologism which is defined as sustainable combination of words with completely or partially reconsidered value (Kunin, 1960 p.8) Yet, the suffix -ism indicated a more scientific approach towards studying it. The renowned Ukrainian scholar L.  Skrypnyk (1972) defines a phraseological unit (PU) as a lexical and grammatical unit of two or more components which are grouped according to a syntactical model of a sentence or a phrase. (Skrypnyk, 1972 p.17) A PU is characterized by a unified meaning and is reproduced in speech automatically. Hence L.  Skrypnyk draws attention to the defining properties of PUs: A PU is easily retrieved from the praseological corpus of the language by the speakers; The meaning of a PU is unified and cannot always be deduced from the usual meanings of its components; PU functions above the lexical level: the meaning of the phraseological unit contains other categories of thought such as judgment or assessment. V. Teliya (1998), a prominent Russian linguist who has contributed to A.  Cowies book , argues that cultural information incorporated in many phrases needs to be taken into account since phraseological units are also socially-conditioned phenomena. It is a two-way process: they reflect the common consciousness of speakers in a particular community on the one hand and frame the linguistic surrounding of that same community on the other. ( V.Teliya 1998, p.55-57) Phraseological units usually perform a specific function in a specific text situation. Similarly to any other communicative aspect in written speech, they may easily lose this function if uprooted. The following theoretical framework which was elaborated by Prof.  A.V.  Kunin (1960) describes methods applied to rendering phraseological units of a source language by means of a target one: Translating by a full equivalent when every element of the SL PU is preserved in the TL: subject and logical information, imagery, expressiveness and grammatical structure (with some slight modifications). Absolutely equivalent PUs are possible if they originate from one source (Greek mythology, ancient history or literature, Bible and so on) Some minor alterations in the structure or word order do not affect the subject and logical meaning, imagery and expressiveness. Translating by a partial equivalent with partly different components (which means partly different images); the difference between SL and TL partial equivalents shows in the structure of TL variant, in the omission/addition of a component in the TL variant, in the substitution of the component or in the generalization/concretization of the original meaning. Translating by a partial equivalent with completely different components but common expressiveness and subject and logical information; sometimes one SL unit has two or more equivalents of this kind. Translating by a partial equivalent with the same subject and logical information, but different imagery and expressiveness. Translating by a descriptive paraphrase: by single words, by free/neutral combination, by sentence-long descriptive phrase. Translating by means of a calque: copying each component or copying imagery with slightly modified componential structure 2.2.2. Culture specific word Pyms idea of text belongs mentions that any specific text belongs to a certain group of people or situation, so when translation is a complicated task due to a lack of equivalent terms between two different languages. Furthermore, Larson (1984) notices that the receptor audience will decode the translation in terms of his own culture and experience, not in terms of the culture and experience of the author and audience of the original document.(Larson, 1984 p.436-437) In other words, all meaning is culturally belonged and the response to a given text is also culturally belonged. Pym sums up the relationship between culture and translation by stating that it is possible to accept that everything we know about cultures beyond our own has come to us, has been appropriated or assimilated, through a process of transfer and translation. (Pym, 1992 p.17) Obviously, one of the most challenging issues of translation may be found in the difference between cultures. Larson (1984) observes that this difference is reflected in the amount of vocabulary which is available to talk about a particular topic (Larson, 1984 p.95). The two Bulgarian researchers Vlahov and Florin refer to this type of vocabulary as realia and define it as words of the popular language representing denominations of objects, concepts, typical phenomena of a given geographic place, of material life or of social-historical peculiarities of some people, nation, country, tribe, that for this reason carry a national, local or historical color; these words do not have exact matches in other languages. (Vlahov and Florin .1969 p.438) Baker (1992) when mentioning this category of vocabulary points out that the source language words may express a concept which is abstract or concrete, it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. and Baker calls such concepts culture-specific items (Baker, 1992 p.21) These culture specific items are referred to as cultureme in the book Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained by Nord. He defines cultureme as a cultural phenomenon that is present in culture X but not present (in the same way) in culture Y. (Nord, 1997 p.34). According to Newmark (1998), culturally specific words can be recognized easily in a text since they are strongly related with a particular culture and a translator cannot translate them directly. It is of importance for a translator to be aware of such the text belongs features of what s/he is to translate and consider translation to be a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages. When translating culture specific words (realia), a translator is advised to take into consideration the following factors: (Vlahov and Florin, 1980 p. 92-30) Firstly, the nature of the text and the importance of realia in the context should be taken into account. Next it is worth considering the nature of realia, its role in the source culture. Then the nature of target language, as well as the target reader, should also be paid great attention to. In terms of strategies, there are a number of translation procedures available. The following tactics are suggested by Vlahov and Florin (Vlahov and Florin , 1980 p.87-88): Transcription/ transliteration; Translation calque /half calque; Adaptation of foreign realia; Substitution by target realia; Functional analogue; Description, explanation, interpretation; Contextual translation 2.2.3 Collocation Collocation can be defined as the tendency of certain words to co-occur regularly in a given language (Baker, 1992 p.47). At one point, this has to do with propositional meaning, the meaning which is understood from the relationship between a word or an utterance and what it refers to (Baker, 1992 p.286). On the other hand, meaning cannot always account for collocational patterning. For example English speakers say to pay a visit but not to perform a visit. It can be said that the patterns of collocation are largely arbitrary and independent of meaning (Baker, 1992 p.48). The translation of collocations may be problematic, especially when it comes to culture-bound collocation. Such collocations as happy hour, Bank Holidayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ appear quite frequently in popular fiction since they reflect everyday life and culture. Baker states that such culture-specific collocations express ideas previously unexpressed in the target language. Like culture-specific words, they point to conce pts which are not easily accessible to the target readers. (Baker, 1992 p.60-61). In the end of chapter 2 of her book In other words: a course book for translation Baker mentions these below strategies which can be used for translating collocation: Translation by a collocation of same meaning and form; Translation by paraphrase; Translation by a collocation of similar meaning but dissimilar form; Omission. 2.2.4 Speech genres Bakhtin introduces the term speech genres in his book Speech genres and other late essays. Bakhtin s idea is that each individual has their own way of using language, which is realized in the form of concrete utterance, either oral or written. The utterance produced reflects not only a situation -thematic content, communication goal style but also the compositional structure. These factors have equal role in the creation of an utterance and they are all determined by reception of an individual. (Bakhtin 1986, p. 60) In other words, it is not situation or language that vary, but the ways in which individuals put words together to describe a specific situation. This finding of Bakhtin is of importance because it may help to define the identity and origin of a person. In this way, the use of speech genres in a novel has culturally specific characteristics since a translator may have good commanding of a foreign language but still s/he may feel helpless in certain spheres of communicati on precisely because they do not have a practical command of the generic form in the given spheresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this is entirely a matter of inability to command a repertoire of genres of social conversation. (Emerson, 1990 p.275) Leppihalme refers to the gaps of understanding caused by an inability to comprehend speech genres in a particular situational and cultural context as culture bumps (Leppihalme, 1997 p.viii) In novels, speech genres are used as a tool to indicate the origin, cultural and educational background of a character. One of the most well-known forms of speech genres is Allusion, which is a reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. (Leppihalme, 1997 p.6) As culture-bound elements, the meaning of allusion can be conveyed only by familiarity, as well as, solid understanding of source culture. According to Leppihalme, this literary device is used to call attention to ones learning or wider reading; as well as to enrich the work by bringing new meaning and association; or to characterise people, suggest thoughts or unconscious impressions or attitudes in characters; also to increase the significance of ones work. (Leppihalme, 1997 p.7) A llusion in particular, as well as speech genres in general should be treated with great care in order to preserve its purpose of use. A translator is required to have solid knowledge of the original culture in order to understand the usages and convey